Was a wide range of iron minerals, has been found in minerals and iron minerals iron about 300 species, of which there are more than 170 common species. But in the current technical conditions, with industrial value is primarily magnetite, hematite, magnetic hematite, titanium ore, limonite and siderite and so on.

1. Magnetite FeO 31.03% , Fe ₂ O ₃ 68.97% or Fe 72.2% , O 27.6% , equiaxed crystal system. Single crystals are often octahedral and less rhombohedral. On the rhombic dodecahedron surface, stripes appear in the long diagonal direction. The aggregates are mostly dense and granular. Color iron black, black streaks, semi-metallic luster, opacity. Hardness 5.5 to 6.5 . The proportion is 4.9 ~ 5.2 . Strong magnetic.

    Magnetite often a considerable amount of Ti ⁴⁺ to isomorphous replaced Fe ^3+, Mg ²⁺ and also accompanied by a corresponding V ^3+, etc. instead of Fe ²⁺ and Fe ^3+, thus forming some minerals subspecies, which is:

(1) Titanium magnetite Fe ²⁺ (2+x)Fe ³⁺ (2-2x)TixO ₄ (0 < x < 1) containing 12% to 16% of TiO ₂ . At normal temperature, titanium is separated into plate-like and columnar ilmenite and grain-like ilmenite.

(2) Vanadium magnetite FeV ₂ O ₄ or Fe ²⁺ (Fe ³⁺ V)O ₄ , containing V ₂ O ₅ sometimes as high as 68.41% to 72.04% .

(3) Vanadium-titanium magnetite is a solid solution product of the above two minerals which are more complicated in composition.

(4) The chrome magnetite contains a few percent of Cr ₂ O ₃ .

(5) Magnesia magnetite contains MgO up to 6.01% .

    Magnetite is the main mineral of iron ore in iron ore deposits, contact metasomatism - hydrothermal iron deposits, sedimentary metamorphic iron deposits, and a series of iron deposits associated with volcanism. In addition, it is also common in sand deposits.

    Magnetite can be converted into hematite (like hematite and limonite ) after oxidation, but still retain its original crystal form.

2. Hematite

    There are two known homomorphic variants of Fe2O3 in nature, namely α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 . The former is stable under natural conditions, called hematite; the latter is not as stable as α-Fe2O3 under natural conditions, and is in a metastable state, called maghemite.

    Hematite: Fe 69.94% , O 30.06% , often containing similar materials like Ti , Al , Mn , Fe ²⁺ , Ca , Mg and a small amount of Ga and Co. Trigonal crystal system, intact crystals are rare. The crystalline hematite is steel gray and cryptocrystalline; the earthy hematite is red. The streaks are cherry red or fresh pig liver. Metal to semi-metallic luster. Sometimes the gloss is dim. Hardness 5 ~ 6, specific gravity 5 ~ 5.3 .

    The aggregates of hematite have various forms and form some mineral subspecies, namely:

(1) Mirror iron ore is a collection of metallic lustrous rosette or flaky hematite.

(2) Mica hematite with metallic luster crystal fine scaly hematite.

(3) Hematite in the form of warts or kidneys in the form of warts or kidneys.

    Hematite is one of the widely distributed iron minerals in nature and can be formed in various geological processes, but mainly hydrothermal action, sedimentation and regional metamorphism. In the oxidation zone, hematite can be formed by the dehydration of limonite or fibrite and goethite. But it can also become goethite and water hematite. Under reducing conditions, hematite can be converted into magnetite, called pseudo-magnetite.

3. Magnetic hematite

γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ , which often contains a mixture of Mg , Ti, and Mn in its chemical composition. Isometric crystal system, pentagonal tritetrahedral crystal, mostly granular aggregate, dense block, often with magnetite illusion. The color and streaks are brown, hardness 5 , specific gravity 4.88 , strong magnetic.

    Maghemite is mainly formed by the secondary change of magnetite under oxidizing conditions. The Fe2+ in the magnetite is completely replaced by Fe ³⁺ (3Fe ²⁺ → 2Fe ³⁺ ) , so the octahedral position occupied by 1/3 Fe ²⁺ creates a vacancy. In addition, maghemite can be formed by the dehydration of fibrite, and also by the organic action of iron oxides.

4. limonite

In fact, it is not a mineral species, but a mixture of goethite, fibrite, water needle iron ore, hydrous iron ore, and hydrous silicon oxide, mud, and the like. The chemical composition changes greatly and the water content changes greatly.

(1) Goethite α-FeO(OH) with Fe. 62.9% . Those who do not quantitatively adsorb water are called water needle iron ore HFeO2·NH2O . Orthorhombic system, in the form of needles, columns, thin plates or scales. Usually in the form of beans, kidneys or stalactites. The mask is parallel or radiatively fibrous. Sometimes it is dense, blocky, earthy, and it is also braided. The color is reddish brown, dark brown to dark brown. The weathered powdery, ochre-like limonite is yellowish brown. The goethite streak is reddish brown with a hardness of 5 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of 4 to 4.3 . The limonite streak is generally light brown or yellowish brown with a hardness of 1 to 4 and a specific gravity of 3.3 to 4 .

(2) Fibrite γ-FeO(OH) with Fe.62.9% . Those who do not quantitatively adsorb water are called water -fibrite FeO(OH)·NH2O . Orthorhombic system. Common scaly or fibrous aggregates. The color is dark red to black red. The streaks are orange or brick red. Hardness 4 ~ 5 , specific gravity 4.01 ~ 4.1 .

5. Ilmenite

FeTiO ₃ , Fe 36.8% , Ti 36.6% , O 31.6% . Trigonal crystal system. Rhombic crystals. Often irregular, granular, scaly or thick plate. in 950 ° C The above ilmenite and hematite form a complete analogy. When the temperature is lowered, the melting occurs, so the ilmenite often contains fine scaly hematite inclusions. The ilmenite color is iron black or steel gray. The streaks are steel grey or black. Brownish or brownish red streaks when containing hematite inclusions. Metal - semi-metallic luster. It is opaque and has no cleavage. Hardness 5 ~ 6.5 , specific gravity 4 ~ 5 . Weak magnetic. Ilmenite mainly occurs in ultrabasic rocks, basic rocks, alkaline rocks, acidic rocks and metamorphic rocks. In China's Panzhihua vanadium-titanium magnetite deposit, ilmenite is distributed in granular or flake form between mineral particles such as titanomagnetite, or oriented along the cracked surface of titanium magnetite.

6. Siderite

FeCO ₃ , FeO 62.01% , CO ₂ 37.99% , often containing Mg and Mn . Trigonal crystal system. Common rhombohedron, the crystal face is often curved. The aggregates are in the form of coarse particles to fine particles. There are also tuberculosis, grape-like, and soil-like. Yellow, light brownish yellow ( dark brown after weathering ) , glass luster. The hardness is 3.5 to 4.5 , and the specific gravity is about 3.96 , which varies depending on the content of Mg and Mn .

 

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