Chinese name: é”—

English name: germanium

Definition: The atomic number is 32, belonging to the Group IVA element of the periodic table, and the element symbol is Ge, which is an important semiconductor material.

锗 (Old translation 鈤) is a chemical element. Germanium material form a gray earth metal. The nature of cockroaches is similar to tin . Helium is most commonly used in semiconductors to make transistors. In 1886, when Wenckler of Germany analyzed the sulphur- silver bismuth ore, it discovered the existence of strontium; after that, strontium sulfide and hydrogen co-heated to produce bismuth.

High purity germanium is a semiconductor material. It is obtained by reduction from high-purity cerium oxide and extraction by smelting. Single crystals doped with a specific amount of impurities can be used to make various transistors, rectifiers and other devices. Antimony compounds are used in the manufacture of fluorescent panels and various high refractive index glasses.

Single crystal can be used as a transistor and is the first generation of transistor material.

Coffins are used in radiation detectors and thermoelectric materials.

High-purity germanium single crystal has a high refractive index, is transparent to infrared light, does not transmit visible light and ultraviolet light, and can be used as a window, prism or lens that is transparent to infrared light.

The compounds of ruthenium and osmium are superconducting materials. Cerium oxide is a catalyst for polymerization. The glass containing cerium oxide has high refractive index and dispersion properties. It can be used as a wide-angle camera and microscope lens, and antimony trichloride is also a new fiber material additive.

Oh, it has a semiconducting nature. It has played an important role in the development of solid state physics and solid state electronics. The crucible has a melt density of 5.32 g/cm3 and is a silver-gray brittle metal.锗 The possibility of being classified as a rare metal is stable in chemical properties. It does not react with air or water vapor at normal temperature, but it is rapidly formed at 600-700 °C. Does not work with hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. When concentrated sulfuric acid is heated, helium will dissolve slowly. In nitric acid and aqua regia, it is easily dissolved. The action of the alkaline solution and hydrazine is weak, but the molten alkali is in the air and can dissolve the hydrazine quickly. Niobium and carbon do not work, so they melt in the graphite crucible and are not contaminated by carbon.

Tantalum has good semiconductor properties such as electron mobility, hole mobility, and the like.

The development of cockroaches still has great potential. The defects of modern industrial production are mainly from the by-products of copper , lead and zinc smelting.

How to recycle?

There are many ways to recover hydrazine comprehensively. The common method of chlorination distillation is commonly used. The method is to convert the hydrazine in the raw material into a sulfuric acid solution, add the tannin to obtain a tannin precipitate, and after oxidizing and roasting to remove arsenic and remove the harmful substances, chlorination at 83 to 100 ° C to obtain GeCl ₄ . The following reactions occur during the chlorination distillation:

GeO ₃ +4HCl=GeCl ₄ +2H ₂ O

GeCl ₄ is hydrolyzed to obtain pure GeO ₂ , and the following reactions occur during the process:

GeCl ₄ +2H ₂ O=GeO ₂ +4HCl

GeO2 is reduced by hydrogen to obtain a metal ruthenium having a resistivity of 10 to 20 Ω·cm, and the reaction is:

GeO ₂ +2H ₂ =Ge+2H ₂ O

(1) Recycled by preferential volatilization method, the raw material is firstly made into a dough, and after volatilization, the volatilization rate is 90% to 98%; then the dust is extracted according to the classical method, and the recovery rate of the antimony is said to be as high as 90%. In China, this method has been used to extract yttrium from zinc concentrate containing 0.006% to 0.008% Ge. After two reductions and volatilization, the obtained sulphide dust is extracted by the classical method, and the recovery rate of strontium is 75% to 80%. .

(2) Sulfation-Carrier Precipitation Recovery é”— This method is used to treat Zaire strontium ore containing 0.022% bismuth. After flotation, copper concentrate containing 0.13% bismuth is obtained. The smelting of copper containing 0.36% Ge is carried out by copper. Sulfation converts the hydrazine into the sulfuric acid system, and after purification, the cerium in the solution is precipitated by using MgO as a carrier, and then extracted according to the classical method. The Belen plant in Belgium is produced using this method, and the recovery rate of hydrazine is 75%.

(3) Recovery of hydrazine by alkaline earth metal chloride distillation.

(4) Tobacco recovery by recovery.

(5) Redox roasting recovers hydrazine.

(6) Re-evaporation and recovery of hydrazine.

(7) recovering germanium extraction recent years, many solvent extraction of germanium larger research progress, germanium extracted coal oil can be used, CCl _4, MIBK, Lix63 system in diethyl ether and hydrochloric acid; sulfuric acid can be used in a TOA system, P204+YW100, Lix63 and Kelex100 are extracted, which can be produced according to the specific conditions.

(8) The blast furnace is used to recover hydrazine.

R22 Refrigerant Gas

R-22, also called HCFC-22, has been a refrigerant mainstay for many years. This is suitable for a wide range of refrigeration and air conditioning applications across a wide range of temperatures. Therefore it became the most common refrigerant in many applications after the phase out of CFCs.